2013 Nobel Prize lecture: Evading the Goldstone Theorem by Peter Higgs

In Peter Higgs's 2013 Nobel Lecture, he recounts his scientific journey beginning in 1960 at the University of Edinburgh, focusing on his quest to understand broken symmetries in particle physics. Higgs explains how he was influenced by Nambu's and Goldstone's work on symmetry breaking and the challenges posed by the Goldstone Theorem, which predicted massless spin-0 particles. He details his crucial insight in 1964, inspired by Julian Schwinger's work on quantum electrodynamics, which suggested a way to circumvent the Goldstone Theorem's limitations in gauge theories. This led to his groundbreaking proposal of a mechanism where massless modes become massive, ultimately predicting the existence of a massive spin-0 boson, later known as the Higgs boson, which was finally applied by Weinberg and Salam to electroweak theory.

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