Intestinal Tuberculosis

Intestinal tuberculosis, also known as abdominal TB, is a form of tuberculosis that affects the intestines. It's typically caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which can be contracted through various routes, including the ingestion of infected milk or food, swallowing infected sputum, or hematogenous spread. 

Symptoms:

Abdominal pain: This is a common symptom, often described as cramping or dull ache. 

Weight loss: Unintentional weight loss can occur due to reduced appetite and malabsorption. 

Fever: Low-grade fevers are also common. 

Changes in bowel habits: Diarrhea, constipation, or altered stool patterns can occur. 

Nausea and vomiting: These can also be present. 

Anemia: This is often due to blood loss from ulcers in the intestine. 

Malabsorption: Intestinal tuberculosis can interfere with the absorption of nutrients. 

How it spreads:

Infected milk or food: In developing countries, bovine TB can spread through contaminated milk. 

Swallowing infected sputum: Individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis can shed bacteria in their saliva, which can be swallowed. 

Hematogenous spread: TB bacteria can spread through the bloodstream from other parts of the body to the intestines. 

Diagnosis:

History taking: A thorough medical history, including any known exposure to tuberculosis, is important. 

Physical examination: Palpation of the abdomen can reveal tenderness or masses. 

Conventional examinations: These include X-rays, biopsies, and stool or tissue cultures. 

Molecular-based tests: More sensitive tests like GeneXpert, IGRA, PCR, and multiplex PCR can help diagnose intestinal TB. 

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