Double Fertilization in Flowering plants

Double fertilization is a unique process that occurs only in flowering plants. After pollination, a pollen grain lands on the stigma and grows a pollen tube through the style toward the ovule. The pollen tube carries two male gametes. When it reaches the ovule, one male gamete combines with the egg cell to form a zygote, which later develops into the embryo of the seed. This process is called syngamy. The second male gamete combines with the two polar nuclei present in the embryo sac to form the endosperm, a nutritive tissue that provides food for the developing embryo. This process is known as triple fusion. Since two fusion events occur within the same ovule, the process is called double fertilization. It plays an important role in seed formation, embryo development, and efficient use of the plant's resources, making it one of the most remarkable features of flowering plants.

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