Natural Beauty | Afghanistan | Kunar Province | Durand line | HD | 2020

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The Durand Line (Pashto: د ډیورنډ کرښه‎) refers to the international 2,430-kilometre (1,510 mi) land border between Afghanistan and Pakistan in South Asia. It was originally established in 1893 as the international border between British India and Afghanistan by Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Emir, to fix the limit of their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade.

Afghanistan was considered by the British as an independent state at the time although the British controlled its foreign affairs and diplomatic relations. Afghanistan had already ceded the regions of Quetta, Pishin, Harnai, Sibi, Kurram, and Khyber to the British Raj by the 1879 Treaty of Gandamak during the Second Anglo-Afghan War. The Durand Line left about half of the Pashtun homeland under British rule. In 1901, the Pashtun-majority North-West Frontier Province was formally created by the British administration on the British side of the Durand Line, although the princely states of Swat, Dir, Chitral, and Amb were allowed to maintain their autonomy under the terms of maintaining friendly ties with the British. The Waziristanis and other tribals, however, continued to resist British occupation even after Afghanistan had signed a peace treaty with the British.[1]

The single-page agreement, dated 12 November 1893, contains seven short articles, including a commitment not to exercise interference beyond the Durand Line.[2] A joint British-Afghan demarcation survey took place starting from 1894, covering some 800 miles (1,300 km) of the border.[3][4] Established towards the close of the British-Russian "Great Game", the resulting line established Afghanistan as a buffer zone between British and Russian interests in the region.[5] The line, as slightly modified by the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, was inherited by Pakistan in 1947, following its independence.

The Durand Line cuts through the Pakistan and Afghanistan, dividing ethnic Pashtuns, who live on both sides of the border. It demarcates Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan of northern and western Pakistan from the northeastern, eastern, and southern provinces of Afghanistan. The western end runs to Iran and the eastern end is at China. From a geopolitical and geostrategic perspective, it has been described as one of the most dangerous borders in the world due to smuggling and terrorism since the 1980s.[6][7][8][9]

Although the Durand Line is internationally recognized as the western border of Pakistan, it remains largely unrecognized by Afghanistan.[10][11][12][13][14] Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan, former prime minister and later president of Afghanistan, vigorously opposed the border and launched a propaganda war - however during his visit to Pakistan in August 1976, he softened his tone by recognising the Durand line as the international border.[15][16][17][18][19] In 2017, amid cross-border tensions, former Afghan President Hamid Karzai said that Afghanistan will "never recognise" the Durand Line as the international border between the two countries.[20]
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Видео Natural Beauty | Afghanistan | Kunar Province | Durand line | HD | 2020 канала AFGHANISTAN HD