implementing stack using array in java

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## Implementing a Stack using an Array in Java: A Comprehensive Tutorial

A stack is a fundamental data structure that follows the Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle. Imagine a stack of plates: the last plate you put on the stack is the first one you take off. This tutorial will guide you through implementing a stack using an array in Java, covering essential concepts, common operations, and potential issues.

**1. Understanding the Stack Data Structure:**

* **LIFO Principle:** As mentioned, LIFO means the last element inserted (pushed) into the stack is the first one removed (popped).
* **Key Operations:**
* **Push (insert):** Adds an element to the top of the stack.
* **Pop (remove):** Removes and returns the top element from the stack.
* **Peek (top):** Returns the top element of the stack without removing it.
* **isEmpty:** Checks if the stack is empty.
* **isFull:** Checks if the stack is full (when using a fixed-size array).
* **Size:** Returns the number of elements in the stack.

**2. Choosing an Array as the Underlying Data Structure:**

We'll use an array to store the stack's elements. This is a common and efficient approach when you have a reasonable estimate of the maximum stack size. An alternative is using a dynamic array or a linked list, which can grow dynamically as needed (we'll briefly discuss alternatives later).

**3. Implementing the Stack Class:**

Here's the basic structure of our `StackArray` class in Java:
**Explanation:**

* **`StackArrayT`:** We use generics (`T`) to make the stack type-safe. This means the stack can hold elements of any specified type (e.g., `StackArrayInteger`, `StackArrayString`).
* **`array`:** This is the array that will store the stack's elements. It is declared as `T[]` to hold elements of type `T`.
* **`top`:** This integer variable keeps track of the index of the top element in the stack. When the stack is empty, `top` is initialized to `-1`. It's c ...

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