MI'KMAQ LANGUAGE, PEOPLE, & CULTURE

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Kwe'! Teluisi Andy. Me’ talein?
Hello! My name is Andy. How are you?
Let's talk about the Mi'kmaq language.

Mi’kmaq is part of the Wabanaki group of Eastern Algonquian languages, which also includes Abenaki dialects and the Penobscot and Maliseet-Passamaquoddy languages. As of the 2021 census, 9,000 people speak Mi’kmaw. The language is written alphabetically with distinct consonants and vowels that have long and short sounds. Historically, Mi’kmaq used pictographs, but these were adapted by missionaries in the 1600s to teach Catholicism. Originally, there were up to 17 dialects, including the distinct Restigouche dialect of Québec, but contact with French and English has reduced dialectical diversity. In July 2022, Mi'kmaq was recognized as the first language of Nova Scotia.

In pre-contact, the Mi'kmaq people lived according to seasonal patterns, spending spring and summer on the coast and fall and winter inland. They utilized a diverse array of natural resources for food, clothing, shelters, and tools, crafting items like canoes and snowshoes from timber and animal products. Their survival depended entirely on the environment, fostering a deep respect for nature. Mi'kmaq settlements featured scattered households along bays and rivers, connected by kinship and alliances. Leadership focused on managing fishing and hunting economies. The Mi'kmaq were closely allied with neighboring groups like the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy, forming part of the Wabanaki Confederacy, which has been politically active since European contact. Mi'kmaq culture included art linked to nature, such as rock paintings and quillwork, as well as music integral to spiritual and cultural ceremonies.

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