The Economic Scaling Limits of Bitcoin L2 | Greg Sanders | OPNEXT 2025

Greg Sanders examines how increasing complexity in L2 designs directly impacts the minimum viable balance needed for true self-custody. He analyzes various Layer 2 approaches including Lightning Network, ARKs, and rollups, calculating the actual costs of exiting these systems to the base chain. The presentation poses critical questions about what "self-custody" really means when exit costs exceed balance values, and the regulatory risks that arise when L2 operators effectively become custodians.

This presentation was recorded live at OPNEXT, a Bitcoin scaling conference. For more info go to opnext.dev

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# Notes:
- Basic L1 exit costs 154 vBytes or ~$0.37
- Lightning exit needs 711 vBytes or ~$1.71
- Each Lightning HTLC adds 319 vBytes or ~$0.76
- ARK tree exits cost up to $50 at 15 sats/vByte
- BVM/federated systems require 10 BTC minimum
- Increasing fee rates dramatically impact viability

Видео The Economic Scaling Limits of Bitcoin L2 | Greg Sanders | OPNEXT 2025 канала Blockspace Media