java run shell command and get output

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running shell commands from a java application can be accomplished using the `processbuilder` or `runtime.exec()` classes. this tutorial will focus on using `processbuilder`, as it provides a more flexible approach for handling input and output streams.

### overview

1. **processbuilder**: this class is used for creating operating system processes. it allows you to configure the process before starting it.
2. **inputstream**: to read the output of the executed command.
3. **errorstream**: to capture any error messages produced by the command.

### steps to execute shell commands in java

1. create a `processbuilder` instance with the command you want to execute.
2. start the process.
3. retrieve and read the output and error streams.
4. handle exceptions properly.

### example code

here’s a complete example that demonstrates how to run a shell command in java, capture its output, and handle any errors.
### breakdown of the code

1. **command specification**: the command (`ls -l` for unix/linux or `dir` for windows) is specified in the `command` variable.
2. **processbuilder setup**:
- for unix/linux, we use `processbuilder.command("sh", "-c", command)`.
- for windows, you would use `processbuilder.command("cmd.exe", "/c", command)`.
3. **process execution**: the `start()` method is called to run the command.
4. **output handling**:
- the standard output of the command is read using `inputstream` and appended to a `stringbuilder`.
5. **error handling**: similarly, the error output is read, and if any exists, it’s printed to the error stream.
6. **exit code**: the exit code of the process is checked to determine if the command was executed successfully.

### important notes

- always handle exceptions properly to avoid crashing the application.
- be cautious when executing shell commands, especially if you are incorporating user input, as this can lead to security vulnerabilities like command injection.
- ensure that the command you are trying to execu ...

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