Epigenetics

You know all about how DNA bases can code for an organism's traits, but did you know there's more influencing phenotype than just the bases? Explore epigenetics with the Amoeba Sisters by learning about a few types of epigenetic marks and some examples of them in action.

Contents:
00:00 Intro
2:14 Epigenetic Marks
4:13 Studies Involving Rodents & Epigenetics
5:51 Points about Inheritance and Factors Involving Inheritance
7:01 Why study Epigentics?
7:51 Epigentic Therapy
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REFERENCES:
Clark, Mary Ann, Matthew Douglas, and Jung Choi. “16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation- Biology 2e | OpenStax.” Biology 2e. OpenStax, March 28, 2018. https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/16-3-eukaryotic-epigenetic-gene-regulation

Klug, William S, Michael R Cummings, Charlotte A Spencer, Michael Angelo Palladino, and Darrell Killian. Essentials of Genetics. Hoboken: Pearson, 2020.

Adams, J. (2008) Obesity, epigenetics, and gene regulation. Nature Education 1(1):128
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/obesity-epigenetics-and-gene-regulation-927/

Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2004 Aug;7(8):847-54. doi: 10.1038/nn1276. Epub 2004 Jun 27. PMID: 15220929.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15220929/

Robert A. Waterland, Randy L. Jirtle
Transposable Elements: Targets for Early Nutritional Effects on Epigenetic Gene Regulation
Molecular and Cellular Biology Aug 2003, 23 (15) 5293-5300; DOI: 10.1128/MCB.23.15.5293-5300.2003
https://mcb.asm.org/content/23/15/5293

Dana C. Dolinoy, Dale Huang, Randy L. Jirtle
Maternal nutrient supplementation counteracts bisphenol A-induced DNA hypomethylation in early development
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Aug 2007, 104 (32) 13056-13061; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703739104 https://www.pnas.org/content/104/32/13056

Simmons, D. (2008) Epigenetic influence and disease. Nature Education 1(1):6
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/epigenetic-influences-and-disease-895/

Zhang, T. Y., Labonté, B., Wen, X. L., Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2013). Epigenetic mechanisms for the early environmental regulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in rodents and humans. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(1), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.149

Oomen, M. E., & Dekker, J. (2017). Epigenetic characteristics of the mitotic chromosome in 1D and 3D. Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology, 52(2), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409238.2017.1287160

https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/epigenetics.htm

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/1997/09/extra-licking-makes-relaxed-rats
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FURTHER READING SUGGESTIONS:

This website is phenomenal for learning about epigenetics, and it was recommended in Pinky’s graduate course.
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/

More about histones?
https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/histones-57/

Why did we write the words “some exceptions” when mentioning that methyl groups *generally* prevent transcription? More info: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137275/

We mention these are only some examples of epigenetic marks. What others exist? Check out this further reading which mentions Micro-RNAs.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00068.2010

What do we mean about epigenetic tags being “cleared?” Two great further readings:
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/inheritance/
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/293/5532/1089

Epigenetic therapy with diseases?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4937439/

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Видео Epigenetics канала Amoeba Sisters