create timestamp variable in bash script

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## Creating Timestamp Variables in Bash Scripts: A Comprehensive Guide

Timestamps are essential in scripting for logging events, tracking execution times, managing files, and creating unique identifiers. Bash provides several ways to generate and manipulate timestamps, offering flexibility depending on your specific needs. This tutorial will explore various methods with detailed explanations and practical code examples.

**1. The `date` Command: The Core Tool**

The `date` command is the foundation for generating timestamps in Bash. It retrieves the current date and time and formats it according to your specifications.

**Syntax:**
* **`OPTION`:** These modify the `date` command's behavior (e.g., setting the date/time, displaying UTC). We'll cover some relevant options later.
* **`+FORMAT`:** This is crucial. It defines the output format of the timestamp. If omitted, `date` uses a default format.

**Key Format Specifiers:**

These are the building blocks for crafting your desired timestamp formats:

* **`%Y`:** Year (e.g., 2023)
* **`%m`:** Month (01-12)
* **`%d`:** Day of month (01-31)
* **`%H`:** Hour (00-23)
* **`%M`:** Minute (00-59)
* **`%S`:** Second (00-60)
* **`%N`:** Nanoseconds (000000000-999999999) *Highly useful for precise timing!*
* **`%s`:** Seconds since the Epoch (January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC) - A Unix timestamp.
* **`%F`:** Equivalent to `%Y-%m-%d` (ISO 8601 date format)
* **`%T`:** Equivalent to `%H:%M:%S`
* **`%z`:** Timezone offset from UTC (e.g., +0000)
* **`%Z`:** Timezone name (e.g., UTC, EST)
* **`%%`:** A literal `%` character.

**Example 1: Basic Timestamp**
**Explanation:**

1. **`timestamp=$(...)`:** This is command substitution. It executes the command inside the parentheses and assigns its output to the `timestamp` variable.
2. **`date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"`:** This executes the `date` command with the specified format.
3. **`"+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"`:** This format string tells `date` to output the year, month, day, hour, mi ...

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