The July Revolution of 1830

When people think of the French revolution, they think of the 1789 one. They assume us French just cut our King’s head, among a few thousand more, and presto! We now had a republic. But that’s far from true. In fact, it would take 77 years before France got rid of its last monarch thanks to numerous revolutions, one of which was the July Revolution, better known as "Les Trois Glorieuses".

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Hi there! This is Barris, a French – American that lived most of his life in France and is passionate about learning, exploring, hiking and cooking. It’s a vast and beautiful world out there so join me as we discover the historical, cultural and culinary heritage of France, Europe and the rest of the World.

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Following the defeat of Napoleon at the battle of Waterloo, the coalition restored France's borders back to their 1791 location and reinstalled the Bourbon dynasty through Louis XVI's brother, Louis XVIII

Louis XVIII reign was marked by relative peace and stability, which ushered in the beginnings of a French industrial revolution. On September 16th, 1824, he died at 68, childless. And so, the throne was given to his younger brother, Charles X.

Charles X embodied the worst of the Ancien Régime. His prime-minister was a leader of the ultra-royalist faction named Joseph de Villèle. In April 1825, he decided to compensate nobles whose estates had been confiscated during the revolution. This would end up costing close to 1 billion Francs. On the same month, he passed anti-blasphemy laws which were an affront to the religious liberty imposed by the constitution.

On November of that same year, legislative elections occurred. Ultra-royalists lost 228 deputies to the benefit of Liberals called Les Doctrinaires. They favored a constitutional monarchy and were led by LaFayette, who had staunchly opposed the Jacobin Club during the Reign of Terror.

Following this defeat, the King attempted to introduce new laws to tighten censorship but the deputies objected so violently that he had no choice but to withdraw the proposal. Villèle resigned and was replaced by a more moderate minister, Le Vicomte de Martignac, before being dismissed and replaced by Le Prince de Polignac, who was the son of La Duchesse de Polignac, aka the most hated woman of the Revolution.

On March 1830, the King threatened the opposition in a speech to the Assembly. In retaliation, 221 Liberal deputies voted in favor of a motion of no confidence.

Charles X then dissolved the assembly in hopes that a new election would restore the balance in favor of the ultra-royalists. It did not. The King was persuaded that no compromise could be made without threatening his throne and remained determined to keep his ministers. Finally, bolstered by the news of the recent capture of Algiers, Charles X released the infamous Saint-Cloud Ordinances on the 25th of July.

The first ordinance suspended the freedom of press. The second dissolved the new assembly even though it had been elected less than a week before. The third removed the right of vote of the liberal-leaning commercial bourgeoisie. This reduced the electoral body from under 100,000 to a mere 40,000 (France's pop = 33.6M)

Over 50 newspapers refused to submit to the new ordinances. When the local police attempt to seize their presses, they are attacked by a mob screaming, “A bas les Bourbons! Vive la Charte!”

By 5PM, the first barricades are risen and altercations between rioters and soldiers begin. From the rooftops, Parisians throw rocks, roof tiles and more onto the patrolling troops. At first, the soldiers fire in the air to scare them off but soon they aim to kill. 22 rioters are killed.

The King sends General Marmont to Paris. Nevertheless, the Parisians capture the Hôtel de Ville. There, they raise the tricolor flag and ring the bell of Paris.

In just one day and night, 4,000 barricades had been erected across Paris, manned by up to 30,000 revolutionaries. Marmont receives no orders nor reinforcements.

In the early afternoon, the Louvre and the Tuileries palace is captured. Paris has fallen. The Liberals impose a provisional government and Lafayette is sent to calm the mobs before the whole affair degenerates like in 1792.

The cousin of the King, the Duke of Orleans, is chosen by the provisional government as the new King of France, Louis-Phillipe 1er. On August 2nd, Charles X and his son abdicate any rights to the throne of France and flee to England, thus extinguishing forever the Bourbon dynasty in France

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