9th class Chemistry New book Chapter 3 Chemical Bonding Ionic Bond

This video contains an overview of
Types of Bonds
We shall consider three types of bonds:
3.2.1 Ionic Bond

·        This chemical bond is formed as a result of the tendency of atoms to lose or gain electrons to acquire the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas, as this is a more stable electronic structure.

·        Example:
o   A simple and important compound, sodium chloride (NaCl), is formed when sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) react chemically.

Electronic Configurations of Sodium and Chlorine:

(Fig 3.1: Electronic Configurations of Sodium and Chlorine)
Example no 1: Formation of Ionic Bond in NaCl:
1.      An electron from the outermost shell of the sodium atom is transferred to the outermost shell of the chlorine atom.
2.      As a result:
o   Sodium loses one electron and becomes a sodium ion (Na⁺).

o   Chlorine gains one electron and becomes a chloride ion (Cl⁻).

o   Both atoms achieve the stable electronic configuration of their nearest noble gases.
Reaction Representation:
1.     Electron Transfer:
Na → Na⁺ + e⁻
e⁻ + Cl → Cl⁻

2.     Formation of NaCl:
Na⁺ + Cl⁻ → NaCl
3.     Similarly, sodium also reacts with fluorine and bromine to give sodium fluoride (NaF) and sodium bromide (NaBr), respectively.

4.     It should be noted that an electron or electrons, which take part in a chemical reaction, come only from the outermost shells of the atoms.
Example: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

                              i.            Sodium chloride (NaCl) is formed as a result of the chemical reaction mentioned on the previous page.

                           ii.            This compound contains:

1.      Positively charged sodium ions (Na⁺)

2.      Negatively charged chloride ions (Cl⁻)

                         iii.            These oppositely charged ions are held together by the electrostatic force of attraction.

                         iv.            The chemical bond thus formed is called an Ionic Bond or an Electrovalent Bond.

                            v.            Compounds having such a bond are called Ionic Compounds
Example no 2: Formation of Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂)

·        Calcium (Ca), an alkaline earth metal, loses two electrons to form calcium chloride (CaCl₂).

Reaction Representation:

1.      Calcium losing electrons:
Ca → Ca²⁺ + 2e⁻

2.      Chlorine gaining electrons:
2Cl + 2e⁻ → 2Cl⁻

3.      Formation of Calcium Chloride:
Ca2+ + 2Cl⁻ → CaCl₂

1.    (Fig 3.3: Formation of CaCl₂)
Ionic Crystal Lattice Formation

·        The ions formed surround each other three-dimensionally to form a crystal lattice.

·        Examples of Ionic Compounds:

o   KCl (Potassium Chloride)

o   MgF₂ (Magnesium Fluoride)

o   NaF (Sodium Fluoride)

o   KBr (Potassium Bromide)

o   CaF₂ (Calcium Fluoride)

Exercise and Solutions

1. What types of elements form ionic bonds?

Answer:

1.    Ionic bonds are formed between metals and non-metals.

2.    Metals lose electrons to form positively charged ions (cations).

3.    Non-metals gain electrons to form negatively charged ions (anions).

4.    Examples of metals: Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K).

5.    Examples of non-metals: Chlorine (Cl), Fluorine (F), Bromine (Br), Oxygen (O).

2. What are the conditions for an ionic bond to be formed?

Answer:
For an ionic bond to be formed, the following conditions must be met:

1.    Presence of a Metal and a Non-Metal:

o   A metal should be present to donate electrons.

o   A non-metal should be present to accept electrons.

2.    Large Difference in Electronegativity:

o   The metal must have low electronegativity (willing to lose electrons).

o   The non-metal must have high electronegativity (strong tendency to gain electrons).

3.    Formation of Oppositely Charged Ions:

o   The metal loses electrons to form a positively charged ion (cation).

o   The non-metal gains electrons to form a negatively charged ion (anion).

4.     Strong Electrostatic Attraction:

The oppositely charged ions attract each other due to electrostatic forces, forming a stable ionic bond.

5.     Favorable Energy Conditions:

The bond formation releases energy, making the compound more stable.
Figures of Crystal Lattices of NaCl and CaCl₂
An ionic bond is a bond that is formed by the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another
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Видео 9th class Chemistry New book Chapter 3 Chemical Bonding Ionic Bond канала Afzal Academy