Facts: The Sea Urchin

Here's the sea urchin 101. Everything you need to know about these spiky echinoderms. Sea urchins (Echinoidea, regular urchins, porcupines of the sea). Sea urchin facts! They are even featured in Animal Crossing.

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References and Helpful Links
https://www.whoi.edu/science/B/people/kamaral/SeaUrchins.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/sea-urchin
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/mar17/sea-urchins-hawaii.html
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/voracious-purple-sea-urchins-are-ravaging-kelp-forests-west-coast-180973412/
https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2019/019538/sloppy-sea-urchins
http://museum.wa.gov.au/research/collections/aquatic-zoology/marine-invertebrates-section/echinodermata-echinoderms-class-ec
http://www.polarlife.ca/organisms/inverts/marine_inverts/echinoids.htm
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/echinodermata/echinoidea.html

Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology. Netherlands, Elsevier Science, 2013.

Rustad, Martha E. H.. Sea Urchins. United States, Bellwether Media, 2010.

Hawai'i's Sea Creatures: A Guide to Hawai'i's Marine Invertebrates. United States, Mutual Pub., 1998.
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Images Licensed Under Creative Commons
By Alex Ries - Personal email message from artist, as derived from http://abiogenisis.deviantart.com/art/Sea-Urchin-Anatomy-271355683, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42211216
By John Tracy from Snellville, GA, USA - End of the line, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26620303
By Nhobgood (talk) Nick Hobgood - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11449176
By © Hans Hillewaert, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://Pu commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3670594
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Derek Keats from Johannesburg, South Africa / CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)
By The original uploader was Elapied at French Wikipedia. CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4815403
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By Michael Wolf - Own work, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1387710
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By matt knoth from San Francisco, yesicannibus - sea otter, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3101097
By Ratha Grimes - https://www.flickr.com/photos/ratha/10368407846/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29936146
By Esko Jäntti - Created by Esko Jäntti., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9784052
By Ton Rulkens, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21929275
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By Kilom691 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15689308
By Warner JF, Lyons DC, McClay DR (2012) - Warner JF, Lyons DC, McClay DR (2012) Left-Right Asymmetry in the Sea Urchin Embryo: BMP and the Asymmetrical Origins of the Adult. PLoS Biol 10(10): e1001404. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001404, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22382509

Videos Licensed Under Creative Commons/Public Domain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1FKpeILy5M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_sOBmpLtzw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88HZPRq5DaM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v66YgCVSJ-g
DM289169 / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Male_Flower_Sea_Urchin_%28toxopneustes_roseus%29.theora.ogv/Male_Flower_Sea_Urchin_%28toxopneustes_roseus%29.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7omCed_sCm0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD7Vj6kKyjs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxnKz6y17XU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IZgOw4HSmE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pc91_vSknVo

Видео Facts: The Sea Urchin канала Deep Marine Scenes