Ancient Ancestors: The Incredible Spread of Indo-Europeans…

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Ancient Ancestors: The Incredible Spread of the Indo-Europeans…

What do the English, Sanskrit, Russian, Spanish, Persian and Irish languages have in common? Well they are all Indo-European languages, and they speak to the fascinating ancient ancestors many of us share. In fact, nearly half the world’s population speak an Indo-European language as their first language, by far the highest of any language family.

This family of languages can be broken down into around 10 main branches, namely:

Celtic
Anatolian
Indo-Iranian
Greek
Italic
Germanic
Armenian
Tocharian
Balto-Slavic
Albanian

Similarities can be found amongst these languages in many places, with words for family members being quite striking. In Proto-Indo European, the word for mother was *méh₂tēr. In Gothic it was…

Now that we know some of the similarities between these languages separated by thousands of miles, we need to look at how did these languages spread across Eurasia? Two theories have dominated the debate for centuries. There is the ‘Steppe’ hypothesis, which proposes an origin in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe around 6000 years ago, and the ‘Anatolian’ or ‘farming’ hypothesis, suggesting an older origin tied to early agriculture around 9000 years ago.

Sources:

Langfocus - The Indo-European Connection The Indo-European Connection (youtube.com)

Indo-European languages https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indo-European-languages

New insights into the origin of the Indo-European languages https://www.mpg.de/20666229/0725-evan-origin-of-the-indo-european-languages-150495-x

Bouckaert R, Lemey P, Dunn M, Greenhill SJ, Alekseyenko AV, Drummond AJ, Gray RD, Suchard MA, Atkinson QD. Mapping the origins and expansion of the Indo-European language family. Science. 2012 Aug 24;337(6097):957-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1219669. Erratum in: Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1446. PMID: 22923579; PMCID: PMC4112997.

Olalde, I., Brace, S., Allentoft, M. et al. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555, 190–196 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25738 https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25738#citeas

Indo-European https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100001842

Indo-European vocabulary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary

#indoeuropean #history #langauge

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