Python Variables, Data Types, Number System Conversions, Functions of ASCII values, Type Conversions

🔹 Define Variables
A variable in Python is a name given to a memory location that stores data. It is used to hold values that can be changed during program execution.

🔹 Types of Variables in Python
Python has different types of variables based on the kind of data they store:

Integer (int), Float (float), String (str), Boolean (bool), Complex (complex)
List, Tuple, Dictionary, Set (for collections)

🔹 Data Types
Data types specify the kind of value a variable holds. Common types include:

int for whole numbers
float for decimal numbers
str for text
bool for True/False
list, tuple, set, dict for collections

🔹 Python Operators
Operators perform operations on variables and values. Types include:
Arithmetic Operators (+, -, *, /, //, %, **)
Relational/Comparison Operators
Logical Operators (and, or, not)
Assignment Operators (=, +=, -=, etc.)

🔹 Number Systems
Python supports 4 number systems:

Decimal (Base 10)
Binary (Base 2)
Octal (Base 8)
Hexadecimal (Base 16)

🔹 bin(), oct(), hex() Functions :These built-in functions convert decimal numbers to other bases:

bin(x) → Binary string of x
oct(x) → Octal string of x
hex(x) → Hexadecimal string of x

🔹 What are ASCII Values?
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It assigns a numeric value to characters (e.g., 'A' = 65, 'a' = 97).

🔹 ord() and chr() Functions
ord(character) → Returns ASCII value of character
chr(number) → Returns character for the ASCII number

🔹 Type Conversion
Changing the data type of a value is called type conversion.

🔹 Implicit and Explicit Type Conversion
Implicit Conversion: Done automatically by Python (e.g., int + float → result is float)

Explicit Conversion (Type Casting): Done manually using functions like int(), float(), str(), etc.

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