What Is Erythroplakia & Oral Candidiasis ? Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

What Is Erythroplakia & Oral Candidiasis ? Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
*Erythroplakia* is a clinical term used to describe a red patch or lesion in the mouth that cannot be attributed to any other specific condition. It often appears on the mucous membranes of the mouth, such as the tongue, the floor of the mouth, or the inside of the cheeks. Erythroplakia is particularly concerning because it has a high risk of being precancerous or turning into oral cancer (especially squamous cell carcinoma).

# Key Characteristics:
- Red, velvety patch that cannot be wiped off.
- It may have an irregular shape or a slightly raised surface.
- It is usually painless, which can lead to delayed diagnosis.

# Diagnosis:
A biopsy is typically required to determine whether the lesion is benign, dysplastic (precancerous), or malignant. Erythroplakia is often associated with a higher risk of malignancy compared to other oral lesions like leukoplaki

*Oral candidiasis*, also known as **oral thrush**, is a fungal infection in the mouth caused by the yeast species *Candida*, most commonly *Candida albicans*. While *Candida* is normally present in the mouth in small amounts, overgrowth can occur under certain conditions, leading to infection.

# Symptoms:
- White, creamy lesions on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, tonsils, or roof of the mouth.
- Slightly raised lesions that can resemble cottage cheese.
- Redness or soreness in the mouth and throat.
- Difficulty swallowing or a cotton-like feeling in the mouth.
- Cracking or redness at the corners of the mouth.

# Risk Factors:
- Weakened immune system (e.g., HIV/AIDS, cancer, organ transplants).
- Use of corticosteroids, inhaled or systemic.
- Antibiotics that disturb the normal bacterial flora.
- Dentures that aren’t cleaned properly.
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Dry mouth (xerostomia).
- Smoking.

# Diagnosis:
A clinical examination is often sufficient to diagnose oral candidiasis, but sometimes a swab or biopsy of the affected area may be taken to confirm the diagnosis and identify the strain of *Candida*.

# Treatment:
- **Antifungal medications**: These can be topical (e.g., nystatin, clotrimazole) or systemic (e.g., fluconazole, itraconazole), depending on the severity of the infection.
- **Improving oral hygiene**: Brushing teeth regularly, cleaning dentures, and using antiseptic mouthwash.
- **Managing underlying conditions**: Controlling diabetes or discontinuing unnecessary antibiotic or corticosteroid use can help prevent recurrence.

# Prevention:
- Maintaining good oral hygiene.
- Rinsing the mouth after using inhaled corticosteroids.
- Limiting sugar intake, as yeast thrives on sugar.
- Regular dental check-ups, especially for those with dentures or chronic conditions.

Oral candidiasis can be uncomfortable but is generally easy to treat in healthy individuals. However, it can be more severe and recurrent in people with compromised immune systems.
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