Faces of R1a and R1b - Lineages of Asia: Altai, Bashkort, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Tajik | part 1

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• Haplogroup R1a arose in Central Asia, apparently in South Siberia or the neighboring regions, such as Northern and/or North- western China, around 20,000 years before present. Apparently, the most ancient source of R1a1 haplotypes is provided by the people now living in northern China. It was shown (Bittles et al., 2007) that for a number of Chinese populations, such as Hui, Bonan, Dongxiang, Salars, a percentage of R1a1 haplotypes reached 18% - 32%.

• The Z93 subclade, with its mainly Asian haplotypes, encompasses 10% of the European R1a1 haplotypes. Three countries: Poland, Russia and Germany, embrace 55% of all the Eurasian branch, with the rest mainly in Ukraine, Belarus, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania, Finland, Hungary, and Italy. In fact, L342.2 is the predominant subclade in the Z93 clade, embracing 98% of its haplotypes. Bearers of Z93 are spread from England through Armenia, Oman, and Kuwait, all the way to Khakassia in South Siberia.

• Some of haplotypes, however, from seperate branches, the most remarkable branch is most remote from the trunk, hence, the most ancient, (...) contains 12 haplotypes which all belong to R1b1a1-M73 and R1b-M343 subclades, and provided by Uighurs and the close tribes of the Naxi, Han and Tu (Zhong et al., 2010). All the 12 haplotypes are derived from the base haplotype 13 24 15 11/10 X X X 12 X 14/13 12 30, and contain collectively 65 mutations from it. Using the “linear” formula, we obtain 65/12/.013 = 417 → 619 conditional generations (the arrow here is a correction for back mutations), or 15,475 ± 2500 years from their common ancestor (the calculation is explained in the Materials and Methods section). This date is in a fair agreement with 16,000 ± 1400 years from a common ancestor of R1b haplotypes (Klyo- sov, 2008a, 2009d) (...) . It also indicates that the R1b haplogroup arose in Central Asia, and, apparently, in the Altay region in South Siberia, where their upstream haplogroups NOP → NO + P; P → R + Q; R → R1 + R2; R1 → R1a + R1b all migrated and lived there during the time period between 52 and 20-15 thousand years before present (Klyosov & Rozhanskii, 2012b).

• Central Asian R1b haplotype bearers have the most ancient common ancestors with European R1b bearers, and those ancient common ancestors lived ~16,000 ybp in Central Asia. We do not know as yet whether in South Siberia or Middle Asia; however, the evidence will demonstrate that it was somewhere in that vast region.

• One of those puzzles is what language or languages were spoken by the R1b people (Arbins) from 16,000 to 3000 ybp and it almost certainly was a continuing, in its dynamics, a non-Indo-European language. Assumptively, these languages are considered by linguists as assorted and disconnected “dead” and not-so dead languages, such as proto-Turkic, Sumer, North-Caucasian, Dene-Caucasian, Basque, and many pre-IndoEuropean languages in Europe of 5000 - 2000 ybp, some later. The language of the Arbins may have been originally one language easily flowing through millennia and across Eurasia. We can conclude that the Arbins might have carried languages which were proto-Turkic, or Dene-Caucasian, or Sino-Tibetan. We tentatively call these languages Arbin, or R1b, or Non-Indo-European (NIE) agglutinative languages.
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• • Advances in Anthropology - 2012. Vol.2, No.3, 139-156. Haplogroup R1a, Its Subclades and Branches in Europe during the Last 9000 Years. Igor L. Rozhanskii, Anatole A. Klyosov - The Academy of DNA Genealogy, Newton, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aa.2012.23017.

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=21698

• • Advances in Anthropology 2012. Vol.2, No.1, 1-13. Haplogroup R1a as the Proto Indo-Europeans and the Legendary Aryans as Witnessed by the DNA of Their Current Descendants. Anatole A. Klyosov, Igor L. Rozhanskii. The Academy of DNA Genealogy, Newton, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aa.2012.21001

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=17707

• • Advances in Anthropology 2012. Vol.2, No.2, 87-105. Ancient History of the Arbins, Bearers of Haplogroup R1b, from Central Asia to Europe, 16,000 to 1500 Years before Present. Anatole A. Klyosov. The Academy of DNA Genealogy, Newton, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aa.2012.22010

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=19567

• • Advances in Anthropology. 2013. Vol.3, No.2, 101-111. DNA Genealogy and Linguistics. Ancient Europe. Anatole A. Klyosov, Giancarlo T. Tomezzoli. The Academy of DNA Genealogy, Newton, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aa.2013.32014

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