How interrupts work and why they are better than polling

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okay, let's dive deep into the world of interrupts, comparing them to polling, and illustrating their benefits with code examples.

**interrupts: a comprehensive tutorial**

**1. what are interrupts?**

in a nutshell, an interrupt is a signal that interrupts the normal execution of a program so that the system can handle an event. think of it as someone tapping you on the shoulder while you're reading a book to tell you something important. you temporarily put down the book (your main program), deal with the urgent message (the interrupt), and then return to reading where you left off.

**1.1 key concepts:**

* **interrupt request (irq):** the signal sent to the cpu indicating an event needs attention. it's like the "tap on the shoulder."
* **interrupt controller:** a piece of hardware that manages multiple irqs, prioritizing them if multiple requests occur simultaneously, and forwarding the most urgent to the cpu. (e.g., a pic in older systems, or integrated interrupt controllers in modern microcontrollers).
* **interrupt vector table (ivt):** a table in memory that stores the addresses of interrupt handlers. when an interrupt occurs, the cpu uses the interrupt number (a unique identifier for the interrupt source) to look up the corresponding handler's address in the ivt.
* **interrupt handler (isr or interrupt service routine):** a specific function that is executed when an interrupt is triggered. this is the "dealing with the urgent message" part.
* **interrupt enable/disable:** the ability to enable or disable specific interrupts (or all interrupts) globally. this allows the system to control when interrupts are allowed to occur.
* **interrupt priority:** a mechanism for assigning priorities to different interrupt sources. higher priority interrupts can preempt (interrupt) lower priority interrupts.
* **context switching:** the process of saving the current state of the cpu (registers, program counter, etc.) before executing the interrupt handler ...

#Interrupts #PollingVsInterrupts #ComputerArchitecture

interrupts
polling
CPU efficiency
real-time processing
system responsiveness
event-driven
hardware interrupts
software interrupts
resource management
latency reduction
multitasking
performance optimization
signal handling
asynchronous events
CPU utilization

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