Box sizing complete html css javascript course

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okay, let's dive deep into the world of css `box-sizing`. this is a fundamental property that dramatically affects how elements are rendered and laid out on the page. understanding `box-sizing` is crucial for building predictable and responsive layouts.

**core concept: the box model**

before we delve into `box-sizing`, let's recap the css box model. every html element is treated as a rectangular box. this box has several components, working from the inside out:

1. **content:** the actual content of the element (text, images, etc.).
2. **padding:** space around the content *inside* the element's border.
3. **border:** a line that surrounds the padding and content.
4. **margin:** space around the *outside* of the element, separating it from other elements.

**the `box-sizing` property**

the `box-sizing` property controls how the browser calculates the total width and height of an element. it essentially changes which parts of the box model are *included* in the specified width and height.

there are two primary values for `box-sizing`:

* `content-box` (the default):
* the `width` and `height` properties apply *only* to the content area.
* padding and border are added *on top* of the content's width and height.
* the *total* width of the element becomes `width + padding-left + padding-right + border-left + border-right`.
* the *total* height of the element becomes `height + padding-top + padding-bottom + border-top + border-bottom`.

* `border-box`:
* the `width` and `height` properties apply to the *entire* box, including the content, padding, and border.
* the content's width and height will shrink to accommodate the padding and border.
* the *total* width of the element is equal to the `width` property.
* the *total* height of the element is equal to the `height` property.
* margin is still applied *outside* the border.

**why `border-box` is usually preferred**

while `content-box` is the defa ...

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