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Integration and Differentiation
Differentiation

Differentiation is a branch of calculus that studies the rate at which a quantity changes with respect to another quantity. It is used to find the slope of a curve at any point and to determine instantaneous rates of change.

Definition

If y=f(x), then the derivative of y with respect to x is written as:

dx
dy


=f

(x)

Applications
Finding velocity from displacement.
Calculating acceleration from velocity.
Determining the slope of curves.
Solving optimization problems (maximum and minimum values).
Example

If y=x
2
, then:

dx
d


(x
2
)=2x

Integration

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. It is used to find the original function when its derivative is known and to calculate areas under curves.

Definition

The integral of a function f(x) with respect to x is written as:

∫f(x)dx=F(x)+C

where C is the constant of integration.

Applications
Finding displacement from velocity.
Calculating area under a curve.
Determining volumes of solids.
Solving problems in physics, engineering, and economics.
Example

For f(x)=2x:

∫2xdx=x
2
+C
Relationship Between Integration and Differentiation

Integration and differentiation are inverse processes.

dx
d


(∫f(x)dx)=f(x)

and


dx
d


[f(x)]dx=f(x)+C

This relationship is known as the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Summary
Differentiation finds the rate of change of a function.
Integration finds the original function or the area under a curve.
They are inverse operations and form the foundation of calculus.

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