How the Pacific Ocean changed history

An ocean current has led to the rise and fall of civilisations. Learn how the incredible power of statistics identified this relationship with Brilliant: https://www.brilliant.org/simonclark

This video is about a duet between the atmosphere and the ocean, one that reaches around the entire world and has shaped human history. Of course, I'm talking about the El Nino Southern Oscillation or ENSO, a fascinating example of a teleconnection. In this video I talk about what ENSO is, what a teleconnection is, and how natural changes in the climate have impacted human history (and what it implies for our future).
Also, Pharaoh (1999).

Floods, Famines, and Emperors: https://geni.us/floodsfaminesemperors
Firmament: https://geni.us/firmament

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References:
(1) - https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/98GL00950
(2) - https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/134GM02
(3) - https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/asl.186
(4) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6sGWTCMz2k
(5) - http://ocp.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/pub/yuan/enso.pdf
(6) - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260566064_Climatic_impact_of_El_NinoLa_Nina_on_the_Indian_monsoon_A_new_perspective
(7) - https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/20/7/jcli4063.1.xml
(8) - https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190957
(9) - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2020.509914/full
(10) - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00142723
(11) - https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/18/1239/2014/hess-18-1239-2014.pdf
(12) - https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/short-contribution-nile-flow-failure-at-the-end-of-the-old-kingdo
(13) - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13131-019-1520-5
(14) - https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1080444
(15) - https://news.yale.edu/2021/08/02/forever-changes-climate-lessons-ancient-egypt

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Some stock footage courtesy of Getty.
Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com
Edited by Luke Negus.

This video essay on the history of how climate has changed society looks at the fall of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, the collapse of the Maya, the end of the Moche, as well as the decline of Akkad and the Indus Valley Civilisation. Using the scientific literature and Flood, Famines, and Emperors by Brian Fagan, I explain how the El Nino Southern Oscillation or ENSO is an example of a teleconnection, the most important one that shapes the climate of our planet on short timescales. This science video essay is about natural climate change, and what it can teach us about modern anthropogenic change. Also, Pharaoh (1999).

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Видео How the Pacific Ocean changed history канала Simon Clark