Why There Are NO Penguins in the Arctic | Island Biogeography 2

Part two of three!

Penguins are some of the most popular animals on the planet thanks to their outstanding ability to survive in at the south pole. But what about the north pole? Surely with a similar climate, penguins should be able thrive in the Arctic just as they do in the Antarctic, but, well, they don't. To understand why this is, we need to take a closer look at these amazing birds!

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Paleogeographic maps and animations by C. R. Scotese, for more information: https://www.earthbyte.org/paleomap-paleoatlas-for-gplates
Sources / Further Reading:

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-studied-penguin-distribution-Locality-where-samples-were-collected-indicated_fig1_322535830

https://www.journeylatinamerica.com/travel-inspiration/wildlife/where-to-find-penguins-in-south-america/
https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/antarctica/wildlife/penguins/

https://www.birdlife.org/list-penguin-species
https://fossilpenguins.wordpress.com/2011/09/07/meet-inguza-the-smallest-penguin-from-africa/

https://zenodo.org/record/1447659#.YOYYDRNKg8M (pg 391)

https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/seabirds/penguins

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_fossil_bird_genera

http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2013/01/2012-penguins-strangest-bird.html

https://fossilpenguins.wordpress.com/2011/08/30/family-tree-of-the-living-penguins/

https://elifesciences.org/articles/47509

https://elifesciences.org/articles/47509

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/552948/bizarre-story-britains-last-great-auk

https://d-nb.info/1159767882/34

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912968809386472?journalCode=ghbi20

https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/how-the-galapagos-penguin-adapted-to-life-in-the-sun/

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-juvenile-Galapagos-penguins-foot-left-is-more-mottled-and-less-pigmented-than-the_fig2_243458636

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