Cellulitis; bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues

Cellulitis is a common but potentially serious bacterial skin infection, most often caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus species. It presents with redness, swelling, warmth, and pain, usually in the lower leg, and requires prompt antibiotic treatment to prevent complications like sepsis or osteomyelitis.

Symptoms
Redness and swelling of the affected area.

Warmth and tenderness to touch.

Pain that worsens with pressure or movement.

Systemic signs: Fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes.

Skin changes: Blisters, dimpling, or spots in severe cases.

Causes & Risk Factors
Entry points for bacteria: Cuts, burns, insect bites, surgical wounds, or skin conditions like eczema and athlete’s foot.

Underlying conditions: Diabetes, HIV/AIDS, leukemia, or use of immunosuppressive drugs.

Chronic swelling (lymphedema): Increases risk of recurrent cellulitis.

Obesity: Associated with higher risk.

Diagnosis
Clinical exam: Doctors often diagnose cellulitis by examining the skin.

Blood tests or imaging: Used to rule out deeper infections or other conditions.

Treatment
Antibiotics: Oral antibiotics for 5–10 days; IV antibiotics if severe or unresponsive.

Supportive care:

Elevation of the affected limb.

Cool, damp cloths for comfort.

Pain relief with NSAIDs or acetaminophen.

Hospitalization: Required for extensive infection, high fever, or systemic involvement.

Complications
Spread to deeper tissues: Can cause bacteremia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or sepsis.

Necrotizing fasciitis: Rare but life-threatening deep tissue infection.

Recurrent cellulitis: Leads to chronic lymphatic damage and swelling.

Prevention
Wound care: Wash cuts daily with soap and water, apply protective ointment, and cover with bandages.

Skin care: Moisturize daily to prevent cracks, treat fungal infections promptly.

Foot care (especially in diabetes): Inspect feet daily, wear protective footwear.
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