Anatomy & Physiology (110) Structure and Function of Pancreases | Function of Pancreases

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The pancreas is a vital organ located in the abdomen, behind the stomach. It plays dual roles in the body, functioning as both an endocrine gland (producing hormones) and an exocrine gland (producing digestive enzymes). This dual functionality makes it crucial for both digestion and blood sugar regulation.

The pancreas has two main parts, each with distinct structures and functions:

(01) Exocrine Pancreas:

Acinar Cells: These cells make up the majority of the pancreas and are responsible for producing digestive enzymes. They cluster together to form acini, small sacs that secrete their enzymes into ducts.

Ductal System: The enzymes produced by acinar cells are released into small ducts that converge into the main pancreatic duct, which then merges with the bile duct to empty into the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).

Endocrine Pancreas:

Islets of Langerhans: Scattered throughout the pancreas are clusters of hormone-producing cells known as the Islets of Langerhans. These islets contain different types of cells, each secreting specific hormones directly into the bloodstream:

Alpha Cells: Produce glucagon.
Beta Cells: Produce insulin.
Delta Cells: Produce somatostatin.
PP Cells (Gamma Cells): Produce pancreatic polypeptide.
Epsilon Cells: Produce ghrelin (though in smaller amounts).

Exocrine Function

Digestive Enzyme Production: The pancreas produces several key enzymes necessary for digestion:
Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.
Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Proteases (e.g., trypsin and chymotrypsin): Break down proteins into amino acids.
Bicarbonate Secretion: The pancreas also produces bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidic chyme (partially digested food) coming from the stomach into the small intestine. This creates an optimal environment for the digestive enzymes to function.

Endocrine Function

Insulin: Produced by: Beta cells.
Function: Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production or storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

Glucagon: Produced by: Alpha cells.
Function: Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.

Somatostatin: Produced by: Delta cells.
Function: Somatostatin inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon, as well as other digestive hormones, helping to regulate the overall digestive process and glucose metabolism.

Pancreatic Polypeptide: Produced by: PP cells (Gamma cells).
Function: Pancreatic polypeptide regulates pancreatic secretion activities and impacts the overall rate of food absorption in the digestive tract.

Ghrelin: Produced by: Epsilon cells.
Function: Ghrelin stimulates appetite by signaling hunger to the brain, though it is primarily produced in the stomach.
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