TURMERIC FARMING in INDIA | TURMERIC CULTIVATION | Haldi ki Kheti Kaise Kare

Turmeric is the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa, a herbaceous plant. The rhizome has 1.8-5.4% curcumin, the pigment and 2.5-7.2% of essential oil. It is used as an important condiment and as a dye with varied applications in drug and cosmetic industries. In India, Andhra Pradesh is the leading state followed by Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Kerala and Bihar.

Requirement
Climate
Turmeric can be grown from sea level to 1500m in the hills, at a temperature range of 20-300C with a rainfall of 1500-2250mm per annum. It is also grown as an irrigated crop.

Soil
It thrives best in a well drained sandy or clayey loam rich in humus content. It can be grown on different soil viz. light black, ashy loam and red soils to clay loams.

Varieties
CO1, BSR.1, Suguna, Suvarna, Sudharshana, Krishna, Sugundham, Roma, Suroma, Rajendra Sonia, Ranga, Rasmi.

material and planting
The areas where the rainfall is sufficiently early, crop can be planted during April-May with the receipt of pre-monsoon showers. Since turmeric is a shade loving plant, castor or Sesbania grandiflora may be raised along the border lines in the field. Well developed healthy and disease free whole or split mother rhizomes weighing 35-44g are used for planting. Rhizomes are treated with 0.3% Dithane M-45 and 0.5% Malathion for 30 minutes before storing. Small pits are made with a hand hoe in the beds in rows with a spacing of 25x 30 cm and covered with soil or dry powdered cattle manure. The optimum spacing in furrows and ridges is about 45-60 cm between the rows and 25 cm between the plants. A seed rate of 2500kg of rhizomes are required for one hectare.

Fertilizers
Farm yard manure @10 t/ha is applied as basal dressing. Beds are earthed up each time after top dressing. The NPK recommendation is 125:37:37kg per ha. Whole Phosphorus (P) and Potash (K2O) is given as basal dose at the time planting while Nitrogen (N) is applied as 25kg each at basal, 30,60,90 and 120 days after planting i.e., 125kg N.

Intercultural Operations
Mulching and weeding
The crop is to be mulched immediately after planting with green leaves or banana psuedostem or sugarcane trash at the rate of 12-15 tonnes per hectare. It may be repeated for second time after 50 days with the same quantity of green leaves after weeding and application of fertilizers. Weeding may be done thrice at 60,120and 150 days after planting depending upon weed intensity.

Irrigation
Depending on the soil types, irrigated crops require 15-20 irrigations in heavy soils and 35-40 in light soils. Moisture stress affects the growth and development of the plant especially during the rhizome bulking stage.

Plant protection
Pest
Shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis)The presence of bore hole on the pseudostems through which the frass is extruded and the withered central shoot are the symptoms of pest infestation.
Control
Spray Malathion 0.1% at monthly interval from July to October.

Rhizome scale (Aspidiotus hartii)
They feed on the plant sap and in the field in severe cases plants wither and dry. In storage the pest infestation results in shrivelling of buds an rhizomes and may also affect the sprouting of rhizomes.
Control
Dip the rhizomes in quinalphos 0.1% twice prior to storage and sowing.

Diseases
Rhizome rot (Pythium graminicolum)
Collar region of the pseudostems become soft and water soaked, and the plant collapses.
Control
Drench the soil with 0.3% Dithane M-45. Dip rhizomes in the same chemical solution for 30 minutes before storage and at the time of sowing.

Leaf blotch (Taphrina maculans)
There are small, oval, rectangular or irregular brown spots on either side of the leaves. The leaves turn yellow.
Control
Spray 0.2% Dithane M.45.

Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp., Radopholus similis)
Control
Apply to soil aldicarb or carbofuran granules at 1kg a.i/ha.

Harvesting
Depending upon the variety, the crop becomes ready for harvest in seven to nine months. The land is ploughed and the rhizomes are gathered by hand picking or the clumps are carefully lifted with a spade. Harvested rhizomes are cleaned of mud and other extraneous matter adhering to them. The average yield per hectare is 20-25 tonnes of green turmeric.
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Video Credits : Khateeb Agri Farmig

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