define abstract class in java with example

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sure! an abstract class in java is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own and is meant to be subclassed. it can contain abstract methods (methods without a body) and concrete methods (methods with a body). abstract classes are used when you want to provide a common base for subclasses while leaving some methods to be implemented by those subclasses.

key features of abstract classes
1. **cannot be instantiated**: you cannot create an object of an abstract class directly.
2. **can contain abstract methods**: these methods do not have a body and must be implemented by subclasses.
3. **can contain concrete methods**: these methods have a body and can be used as they are in subclasses.
4. **can have constructors**: abstract classes can have constructors that can be called in the constructors of concrete subclasses.
5. **can have instance variables**: abstract classes can have fields (instance variables), which can be used by subclasses.

defining an abstract class
to define an abstract class in java, you use the `abstract` keyword in the class declaration. here’s the syntax:
example of abstract class
let’s create an example to illustrate the concept of abstract classes. in this example, we will create an abstract class called `animal` and two subclasses: `dog` and `cat`.
explanation
1. **abstract class `animal`**: this class has an abstract method `makesound()` which does not have a body. it also has a concrete method `eat()`.
2. **subclasses `dog` and `cat`**: both of these subclasses extend the abstract class `animal` and provide implementations for the `makesound()` method.
3. **main class**: in the `main` method, we cannot create an instance of `animal` directly. however, we can create instances of `dog` and `cat`, which are concrete implementations of the abstract class. we can then call their respective `makesound()` methods as well as the `eat()` method inherited from the `animal` class.

conclusion
abstract classes are a powerful feature in ja ...

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