Respiratory changes from pontine damage

The underlying anatomy involved:
- The pontine tegmentum contains the Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG) which includes:
1. Upper pneumotaxic center: Decreases inspiration depth and signals medulla to increase respiratory rate
2. Lower apneustic center: Promotes inspiration depth by stimulating the medulla's dorsal respiratory group

1. Apneustic Breathing:
- Characterized by deep gasping inspiration with prolonged end-inspiratory pause
- Followed by insufficient/short expiration
- Results from upper pons injury
- Uncommonly observed in humans
- Can be temporarily induced by ketamine

2. Cheyne-Stokes Breathing:
- Shows a crescendo-decrescendo pattern
- Alternates between central apnea/hypopnea and hyperventilation
- Affects both tidal volume and respiratory rate
- Cycles typically last 45-90 seconds
- Also caused by heart failure (25-50% HF pts)

These changes can result from various types of pontine damage including:
- Vascular infarcts
- Central pontine myelinolysis
- Surgical manipulation

Видео Respiratory changes from pontine damage канала MedLecturesMadeEasy