Linguistics 2 | Functions Of Language | Micro and Macro Functions | Functions Of Human Language

Functions of Human Language given by Various Linguists
1.Roman Jakobson (1960)
2.Geoffrey Neil Leech (1974)
3.Michael Alexander Kirkwood
Halliday (1975)

Two Categories of Language Functions
1.Micro Function individual uses
2.Macro Function
overall aims

Reference of These Categories
Finch G. 1998. How to study linguistics.
Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.

1.Micro Functions of Human Language

1.Physiological function
Curse words are used to serve this purpose, as they rarely convey any meaning and are only to make the speaker feel better.

e.g. That’s fantastic, How silly it is!

2.Phatic Function
The phatic use of language is
used to build rapport, develop understanding and mutual bound among us.
e.g., Hello, Hi, Dear Sir/Madam, Yours Obediently, etc.

3.Recording Functions
Language is used to record knowledge, culture, scientific research, religion and everything that ought to be remembered.

e.g., History, Philosophy, etc.

4.Identifying Functions
Language is used also to identify the objects and events in the world we live in.
We use name to classify different types of things, for example, whether we call a car an automobile, a lorry, a van or a truck makes a big difference

5.Reasoning Functions
Before we say something, we think and to do that we necessarily use language.

e.g., all mental activity is done with the help of language.

6.Communicating Functions
Requesting, apologizing, informing, ordering as well as promising and refusing are all reasons for communicating our ideas.
e.g., open the door.

7.Pleasure Functions
Language itself is pleasing to hear. It is not only supported by the frequent use of assonance, alliteration and onomatopoeia in poetry, but it also has many other qualities that make it pleasing.
e.g., language has a musical quality.

Macro Functions of Human Language

1.Identional Functions
Ideational function refers to the conceptualizing process involved in our mental activities.
2. Interpersonal Functions
Interpersonal function emphasizes that language is mainly a social phenomenon, but apart from enabling communication with other people it enables to project the speaker in the desired way and to represent the speaker.

3.Poetic Functions
The ability to manipulate language in a creative way.
With the use of jokes and metaphors, we can play with words and meanings simply for joy.

4.Textual Functions
Textual competence refers to our ability to create long utterances or pieces of writing which are both cohesive and coherent.

You can get material on this topic from the following books:
1.George Yule, The Study of language
https://www.academia.edu/13142869/The_Study_of_Language_-_George_Yule_The_Study_of_Language

2.Linguistics for Beginners by Tariq Rehman
https://vdocuments.mx/tariq-rahman-linguistics-for-beginners-basic-concepts-original.html

3. English as a Global Language
https://b-ok.asia/book/683083/510ae4

4. On Language and Linguistics (Collected Works M. A. K. Halliday)
https://b-ok.asia/book/1063569/57320a

5.An Introduction to Linguistics (7th edition)
https://b-ok.asia/book/970212/171cd9

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