福州人的红糟酒 Fú Zhōu Red Rice Wine with Vinasse

屋后厨房中央铺盖着报纸，地上石舂传来一阵阵清脆有力的敲磕声。叶亚花婆婆起了个大清早，正埋头准备红糟酒的材料，动作熟练利落，根本瞧不出她已72岁高龄。这是福州人家家户户自酿的红糟酒，也是福州佳肴必备的重要食材，其独特的醇香决定了菜肴美味的关键，为美食披上瑰丽的外衣，更是寓意了过年过节红红火火。熟悉的家乡美味不因移居外地而淡逝，反而更加团结凝聚，同时也感染其他籍贯的同胞们深深喜爱上红糟酒。

福州红糟酒是米酒的一种，将简单的三样食材：酒饼、煮熟的糯米、和中国闽区特产的红麴米混合后放入瓮中，并放置于阴凉处进行长时间的酝酿。发酵完成后萃取出来的酒液称为红酒，剩下一些沉淀的固体则称红糟。红麴米是将红曲菌接种在米上而来，在中医学上具有健脾消食，活血化瘀的食疗功效。

位于森美兰州的朱湖区（Chuah）福州人居多，家庭里一般都有自酿红酒的习俗，却各自做法和配方，皆有不同。有的家庭会在酒瓮里逐层铺上材料；有的会加水；有的则是在米酒里加入酒麴搅拌；酝酿时间长短也不一，各种风味大不相同。居住在双溪立百新村（Kampung Baru Sungai Nipah）的叶亚花婆婆所酿制的红糟酒讲究真材实，注重品质料，味道醇厚，让近亲家人可以一饱口福。首先，将红麴和酒饼事先晒干捣碎，并且把酒瓮反复多次清洗和晾干。在制作红糟酒时，得将煮熟的糯米放凉至隔天。第二天，便把所有材料拌匀后倒入布袋中绑紧，再把瓮口密封，放置至少75天进行发酵。

叶婆婆年轻时向亲友邻里学习讨教，再经过自己多次摸索研究，在酿制红糟酒的准备及制作过程中丝毫不马虎，因此酿法十分成功，产量多。经过两个半月的发酵可收获逾十瓶红酒，再将酒糟压乾，不浪费一滴红酒，最后取其红糟。酿制红糟酒也讲运气，需要天时地利人和方能顺利酿成。有些人时运不济无法成功酿出，或产量极少味道不佳。其他注意事项的叮咛也包括：从将食材的筹备，到风干祛除酒瓮内残留的味道；有者则提防不让家有白事者、孕妇、月子内产妇、月事内女性接近所酿制的红糟酒。

携手走一趟微醺的美食之旅，体验一堂微醉的文化习俗之课。叶婆婆数十年一路走来，红糟酒成了家人难以忘怀的熟悉口味，也是跨越籍贯文化的精髓。佳节庆典之时，拿出红酒招待亲朋好友，使用红糟煮出满满一桌红彤彤的福州菜肴，如红酒鸡肉和面线、红糟猪肉等。学习酿制红糟酒这份手艺，可促成福州美食精华的绵延，世世代代传承。

In the kitchen at the rear end of the house, the floors are lined with newspapers, the pestle and mortar making crisp sounds while pounding. Grandmother Yap Ah Hwa (transliteration) woke up before dawn, busying herself with preparing ingredients to make red rice wine, from her energetic and smooth workflow it’s hard to discover that she is already 72 years old. This is the red rice wine which every single FúZhōunese household brew on their own, an indispensable ingredient in preparing FúZhōu dishes, its unique mellowness a key factor in complementing aroma and taste, coating food with a rosy tint, and also symbolizing good luck during festivals. The familiar native taste did not fade away with migration, instead it increased unity, as well as spreading the intense love for red rice wine to community members from other nativities.

FúZhōu red rice wine is a type of Chinese rice wine, made up of three simple ingredients: wine yeast cake, cooked glutinous rice, and specialty red yeast rice produced in the Mǐn region in China. The ingredients are mixed together and inserted into an urn, storing in a cool shaded place for the lengthy brewing process. At the end of the fermentation cycle, the liquid extracted from filtration is red rice wine, and the final residue is called vinasse. Red yeast rice is a type of fermented rice which acquires its colour from being cultivated with the mold Monascus purpureus, with health and nutritional benefits in traditional Chinese medicine of promoting digestion and improving blood circulation.

FúZhōunese make up the majority of the population in Chuah, Negeri Sembilan, where every household withholds the custom of brewing red rice wine by themselves, however the recipes and methods used may differ. Some families will insert the ingredients layer by layer; some add in water; some will add red yeast into rice wine and mix evenly; the length of fermentation also ranges, and the resulting taste varies. Grandma Yap who lives in Kampung Baru Sungai Nipah is particular in the ingredients she uses in brewing red rice wine, ensuring good quality and rich taste, which her family and friends enjoy. Initially, the red yeast rice and wine yeast cake are sun dried and finely pounded in advance, the urn being repeatedly washed and thoroughly dried. When brewing red rice wine, the glutinous rice is cooked and let cool overnight. The next day, all ingredients are mixed evenly, poured into a canvas bag, and tied up tightly. Then the urn is sealed and kept in a cool dry place to ferment for at least 75 days.
(Full Text: https://uniness.gallery/福州人的红糟酒/)

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文 Text/ 潘慧雯 Pua Hui Wen

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