Self organising steel balls explain metal heat treatment

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Metals have a crystal structure. But they're not one big crystal, they're lots of small crystals called grains. The size of the grains affects the physical properties of the metal, like hardness, toughness, strength, mailability, ductility, plasticity. Heating a metal can change the size of the grains. This ball bearing model demonstrates annealing.

Ductility is dependent on how far dislocations are able to travel in the metal which is dictated by grain size.

Original ball bearings video here: https://youtu.be/O3RsDIWB7s0

Other metal heat treatment videos here:
https://youtu.be/6jQ4y0LK1kY
https://youtu.be/uG35D_euM-0

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Image credits:

First microscope grain image (1:11):
Tugsataydin
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paslanmaz_çeliğin_mikroyapısı.jpg

Second microscope grain image (1:19):
Edward Pleshakov
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CrystalGrain.jpg

Dislocation diagrams (4:14, 4:18):
Cdang
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dislocation_coin_vue_en_bout_et_coeur.svg

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Видео Self organising steel balls explain metal heat treatment канала Steve Mould